Into the each instance, the questions concerned about one another face-to-face and online relationships

Friendship

In order to measure the size of the new network away from face-to-face family, what exactly regarding Delight Survey Display (Helliwell and you can Huang, 2013) were used: “Everything how many family unit members are you experiencing?.” It question was replied towards a level of just one below 5 relatives to help you 5 more fifty nearest and dearest. The question to evaluate how big on the web buddy companies is similar (Helliwell and you can Huang, 2013): “Up to just how many family have you got into the Facebook?” nevertheless the effect measure was some other, ranging from 1 less than fifty to 8 more than a thousand.

The questions into top-notch relationships utilized in the latest Eu Public Survey was basically modified to assess top-notch deal with-to-face and online relationships. The questions was indeed: “Exactly how many people have you got that have the person you is talk about intimate and private issues?” and you can “Exactly how many of these individuals try your own Fb family unit members?.” This new effect size varied from 1 (none) so you can eight (10 or higher).

A principle components analysis with an oblique rotation was performed on the four friendship items. Examination of the Kaiser–Meyer Olkin measure of sampling adequacy (KMO = 0.511) and of the Bartlett’s test of sphericity (? 2 ₍₆₎ = , p 2 ₍₃₀₎ = ; p = 0.001) and Facebook friends’ observed variables (? 2 ₍₄₉₎ = ; p = 0.003) are related to each other. Factor scores were used as indexes of friendship in the analyses.

Fitness

So you’re able to evaluate physical health, along with the detected health item commonly used in globally studies (elizabeth.g., Eriksson ainsi que al., 2001 – “How will you rate your overall health generally speaking” which have responses towards a great 5-part measure, anywhere between very good to very bad) the latest four pieces of brand new future health dimension of your own Condition away from Wellness Survey SF-thirty six (Ware and you may Sherbourne, 1992) was basically included. An example of the questions is: “I apparently become ill a little easier than other anybody.” These products was answered on a 5-area level, ranging from 1 certainly untrue to 5 positively true. The five issues shown an acceptable precision (? = 0.72) therefore the mediocre of four things is actually determined because the indicator off thinking-reported health.

Psychological state try assessed thru five products throughout the SF-thirty six (Ware and you can Sherbourne, 1992). An example are “How frequently maybe you have felt very afraid over the past 4 days?.” This type of inquiries was in fact replied with the a 5-part size, anywhere between to not constantly. While the level of inner consistency of the things that is actually an excellent (? = 0.80), the fresh indicator off mental health is determined, averaging the new answers to the four concerns.

The assessment of subjective well-being was performed with two items (r = 0.722; p 2 ₍₅₎ = ; p 2 ₍₂₅₎ = ; p 2 ₍₃₀₎ = ; p 2 ₍₃₀₎ = ; p 2 ₍₃₅₎ = ; p 1 (Figure 1). More specifically, we tested whether bridging and bonding social capital mediated the relationships among face-to-face friendship and health, as the direct pathway between Facebook friends and health proved not to be significant, ? = 0.09, p = 0.192. Age, gender, education, subjective SES, self-esteem, and living alone effects were controlled. Missing data were handled with listwise deletion.

The direct pathway between face-to-face friendship and health was totally mediated by bonding and bridging social capital. For the mediation of bonding, we found significant paths between friendship and bonding, ? = 0.18, t = 5.59, p 2 ₍₆₎ = , p 2 ₍₆₄₎ = ; p 2 ₍₆₄₎ = ; p 2 /DF 0.95; CFI > 0.95; RMSEA 2 ₍₅₎ = ; p 2 ₍₂₅₎ = ; p = 0.039] and close friends [? 2 ₍₃₀₎ = ; p = 0.028] than the older participants. The other side of the coin reveals that 9.8% of the respondents claimed to have less than five friends and around 8% affirmed having no close friends at all. Regarding older participants, aged 55 years or above, 8.3% referred to not having anyone to speak to about intimate issues and 9.9% indicated having only one intimate friend.